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Logo representing Heartbleed. Security company gave Heartbleed both a name and a logo, contributing to public awareness of the issue.Date discoveredApril 1, 2014; 5 years ago ( 2014-04-01)Date patchedApril 7, 2014; 5 years ago ( 2014-04-07)DiscovererNeel MehtaAffected software(1.0.1)WebsiteHeartbleed is a in the library, which is a widely used implementation of the (TLS) protocol. It was introduced into the software in 2012 and publicly disclosed in April 2014. Heartbleed may be exploited regardless of whether the vulnerable OpenSSL instance is running as a TLS server or client. It results from improper input validation (due to a missing ) in the implementation of the TLS extension. Thus, the bug's name derives from heartbeat. The vulnerability is classified as a, a situation where more data can be read than should be allowed.Heartbleed is registered in the database as.
The federal issued a security bulletin advising system administrators about the bug. A fixed version of OpenSSL was released on April 7, 2014, on the same day Heartbleed was publicly disclosed.As of May 20, 2014, 1.5% of the 800,000 most popular TLS-enabled websites were still vulnerable to Heartbleed. As of June 21, 2014, 309,197 public web servers remained vulnerable. As of January 23, 2017, according to a report from, nearly 180,000 internet-connected devices were still vulnerable.
As of July 6, 2017, the number had dropped to 144,000, according to a search on shodan.io for “vuln:cve-2014-0160”. As of July 11, 2019, Shodan reported that 91,063 devices were vulnerable. Was first with 21,258 (23%), the top 10 countries had 56,537 (62%), and the remaining countries had 34,526 (38%). The report also breaks the devices down by 10 other categories such as organization (the top 3 were wireless companies), product (Apache httpd, nginx), or service (https, 81%).TLS implementations other than OpenSSL, such as, 's, and the, were not affected because the defect existed in the OpenSSL's implementation of TLS rather than in the protocol itself. Contents.History The Heartbeat Extension for the (TLS) and (DTLS) protocols was proposed as a standard in February 2012. It provides a way to test and keep alive secure communication links without the need to renegotiate the connection each time.
In 2011, one of the RFC's authors, Robin Seggelmann, then a Ph.D. Student at the, implemented the Heartbeat Extension for OpenSSL. Following Seggelmann's request to put the result of his work into OpenSSL, his change was reviewed by Stephen N. Henson, one of OpenSSL's four core developers. Henson failed to notice a bug in Seggelmann's implementation, and introduced the flawed code into OpenSSL's source code repository on December 31, 2011. The defect spread with the release of OpenSSL version 1.0.1 on March 14, 2012. Heartbeat support was enabled by default, causing affected versions to be vulnerable.
Discovery According to Mark J. Cox of OpenSSL, Neel Mehta of Google's security team secretly reported Heartbleed on April 1, 2014 11:09 UTC.The bug was named by an engineer at, a Finnish cyber security company that also created the bleeding heart logo and launched the domain to explain the bug to the public.
While Google's security team reported Heartbleed to OpenSSL first, both Google and Codenomicon discovered it independently at approximately the same time. Codenomicon reports April 3, 2014 as their date of discovery and their date of notification of - for vulnerability coordination.At the time of disclosure, some 17% (around half a million) of the Internet's secure web servers certified by were believed to be vulnerable to the attack, allowing theft of the servers' and users' session cookies and passwords. The, and all deemed the Heartbleed bug 'catastrophic'. A depiction of Heartbleed.The Heartbeat Extension tests TLS/DTLS secure communication links by allowing a computer at one end of a connection to send a Heartbeat Request message, consisting of a payload, typically a text string, along with the payload's length as a integer. The receiving computer then must send exactly the same payload back to the sender. The affected versions of OpenSSL allocate a for the message to be returned based on the length field in the requesting message, without regard to the actual size of that message's payload. Because of this failure to do proper, the message returned consists of the payload, possibly followed by whatever else happened to be in the allocated memory buffer.
Heartbleed is therefore exploited by sending a malformed heartbeat request with a small payload and large length field to the vulnerable party (usually a server) in order to elicit the victim's response, permitting attackers to read up to 64 kilobytes of the victim's memory that was likely to have been used previously by OpenSSL. Where a Heartbeat Request might ask a party to 'send back the four-letter word 'bird', resulting in a response of 'bird', a 'Heartbleed Request' (a malicious heartbeat request) of 'send back the 500-letter word 'bird' would cause the victim to return 'bird' followed by whatever 496 subsequent characters the victim happened to have in active memory. Attackers in this way could receive sensitive data, compromising the confidentiality of the victim's communications. Although an attacker has some control over the disclosed memory block's size, it has no control over its location, and therefore cannot choose what content is revealed. Affected OpenSSL installations The affected versions of OpenSSL are OpenSSL 1.0.1 through 1.0.1f (inclusive). Subsequent versions (1.0.1g and later) and previous versions (1.0.0 branch and older) are not vulnerable.
Installations of the affected versions are vulnerable unless OpenSSL was compiled with -DOPENSSLNOHEARTBEATS. Vulnerable program and function The vulnerable program source files are t1lib.c and d1both.c and the vulnerable functions are tls1processheartbeat and dtls1processheartbeat. Patch The problem can be fixed by ignoring Heartbeat Request messages that ask for more data than their payload need.Version 1.0.1g of OpenSSL adds some bounds checks to prevent the buffer over-read.
For example, the following test was introduced to determine whether a heartbeat request would trigger Heartbleed; it silently discards malicious requests. If ( 1 + 2 + payload + 16 s - s3 - rrec. Length ) return 0; /.
silently discard per RFC 6520 sec. 4./The OpenSSL version control system contains a complete list of changes.
Impact The data obtained by a Heartbleed attack may include unencrypted exchanges between TLS parties likely to be confidential, including any form in users' requests. Moreover, the confidential data exposed could include authentication secrets such as and passwords, which might allow attackers to impersonate a user of the service.An attack may also reveal of compromised parties, which would enable attackers to decrypt communications (future or past stored traffic captured via passive eavesdropping, unless is used, in which case only future traffic can be decrypted if intercepted via ). An attacker having gained authentication material may impersonate the material's owner after the victim has patched Heartbleed, as long as the material is accepted (for example, until the password is changed or the private key revoked). Heartbleed therefore constitutes a critical threat to confidentiality. However, an attacker impersonating a victim may also alter data.
Indirectly, Heartbleed's consequences may thus go far beyond a confidentiality breach for many systems.A survey of American adults conducted in April 2014 showed that 60 percent had heard about Heartbleed. Among those using the Internet, 39 percent had protected their online accounts, for example by changing passwords or canceling accounts; 29 percent believed their personal information was put at risk because of the Heartbleed bug; and 6 percent believed their personal information had been stolen. Client-side vulnerability Although the bug received more attention due to the threat it represents for servers, TLS clients using affected OpenSSL instances are also vulnerable. In what The Guardian therefore dubbed Reverse Heartbleed, malicious servers are able to exploit Heartbleed to read data from a vulnerable client's memory. Security researcher Steve Gibson said of Heartbleed that:It's not just a server-side vulnerability, it's also a client-side vulnerability because the server, or whomever you connect to, is as able to ask you for a heartbeat back as you are to ask them.The stolen data could contain usernames and passwords. Reverse Heartbleed affected millions of application instances. Some of the vulnerable applications are listed in the.
Specific systems affected has identified 78 of its products as vulnerable, including IP phone systems and telepresence (video conferencing) systems. Websites and other online services An analysis posted on of the most visited websites on April 8, 2014 revealed vulnerabilities in sites including,. The following sites have services affected or made announcements recommending that users update passwords in response to the bug. BrandVerity.
(including Wikipedia in all languages).The Canadian federal government temporarily shut online services of the (CRA) and several government departments over Heartbleed bug security concerns. Before the CRA online services were shut down, a hacker obtained approximately 900. Another Canadian Government agency, had its servers compromised due to the bug and also temporarily took its services offline.Platform maintainers like the Wikimedia Foundation advised their users to change passwords.The servers of were vulnerable, but due to additional encryption and forward secrecy, potential attacks were not able to exploit this bug. However, LastPass recommended that its users change passwords for vulnerable websites.The Project recommended that Tor relay operators and hidden service operators revoke and generate fresh keys after patching OpenSSL, but noted that Tor relays use two sets of keys and that Tor's multi-hop design minimizes the impact of exploiting a single relay. 586 relays later found to be susceptible to the Heartbleed bug were taken off-line as a precautionary measure.Game-related services including, and were affected and subsequently fixed. McKenzie, Patrick (9 April 2014).
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